Category: VAWA

Living in fear of deportation or an abusive relationship is a struggle no one should endure. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) offers undocumented immigrants in Houston a lifeline to safety and stability. It provides a way to file a self-petition, empowering victims of abuse to seek protection.  This article will guide you through understanding VAWA and its purpose. Learn about filing the petition as an undocumented immigrant and how to address your concerns surrounding the process. Understanding VAWA And Its Purpose VAWA, or the Violence Against Women Act, protects victims of domestic abuse, including undocumented immigrants. This law enables you to file a self-petition to obtain legal status without your abuser’s intervention. To qualify, your abuser must be a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident. They must also fall under the spouse, parent, or child categories.  When successful, you can apply for work authorization, providing financial independence. It also opens the pathway to apply for lawful permanent residency. Importantly, it protects you from deportation, allowing you to build a safer and more secure future. With these benefits, you must understand the petition process to enhance your chances of success. Filing a VAWA petition involves specific steps, each requiring accuracy and thorough preparation. By familiarizing yourself with the process, you can take this vital step toward achieving protection. Filing A VAWA Petition As An Undocumented Immigrant Filing a VAWA petition offers undocumented immigrants the opportunity to seek protection and stability without the abuser’s involvement. Following the proper steps builds a strong case for legal relief. Below is a guide to help you safely navigate this process. Determine Eligibility And Prepare Documentation Before you file, ensure you meet the eligibility requirements under VAWA. You must show that your abuser is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident and that you have a qualifying relationship. It includes spouses, parents, or children.  Additionally, gather proof of abuse, cohabitation with the abuser, and good moral character. Supporting evidence like affidavits, medical records, and police clearances strengthens your petition. Collecting these documents is a critical first step toward building a strong case. Complete Form I-360 Form I-360, also known as the Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant, plays a vital role in your VAWA application. This form allows you to self-petition for immigration benefits without your abuser’s involvement.  Completing it accurately is critical to avoid delays or denials. Along with the form, you must submit supporting evidence. It includes proof of your relationship with the abuser and documentation of abuse or extreme cruelty to strengthen your case. Submit Your Petition Send your completed Form I-360 and supporting documents to the Vermont Service Center. It is the designated U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) office for VAWA cases. They will confirm receipt and begin the review process. Monitor Your Case And Respond To Requests Throughout the process, stay attentive to any correspondence from USCIS. If they issue a Request for Evidence (RFE), respond promptly and provide the requested documentation. Keep copies of all completed materials and track your case status. Maintaining active communication ensures your petition stays on track and avoids unnecessary delays. Await USCIS Decision Once you file, USCIS will review your petition to ensure it meets eligibility requirements. If approved, your petition provides immigrant classification, allowing you to apply for lawful permanent residency. This approval does not automatically grant a Green Card but opens the door to further legal relief. Apply For Lawful Permanent Residency After USCIS approves your petition, you can file Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status to apply for a Green Card. You must include evidence such as your Form I-360 approval and proof of eligibility. This process can be intricate, leading to concerns for undocumented immigrants seeking safety and stability. However, with proper knowledge and a clear understanding of each step, you can address these doubts and move forward with confidence. Addressing Concerns For Undocumented Immigrants Filing a VAWA petition is a courageous step, but it’s natural to have concerns about safety and privacy. Understanding the process can help ease these fears and empower you to move forward. Overcoming Fear Of Deportation One of the biggest worries for undocumented immigrants is the fear of deportation. Filing a VAWA petition ensures confidentiality and protection under U.S. law. USCIS does not disclose your application to your abuser, creating a shield of safety. Knowing this can help you move forward with courage and hope. Proving Abuse Or Extreme Cruelty Gathering evidence is challenging, especially if you lack access to official records. You can rely on affidavits from friends, medical professionals, or community leaders to support your case. Think of these pieces of evidence as threads weaving a tapestry that tells your story. They provide the proof needed to showcase your experiences. Navigating Language Barriers Language barriers can make the process intimidating, but resources are available to help. USCIS offers translated forms offering assistance from interpreters or legal advocates. Having someone who understands your language ensures authorities hear and understand your voice. Ensuring Confidentiality During Filing Filing a VAWA petition allows you to seek protection without the knowledge or involvement of your abuser. USCIS maintains strict confidentiality throughout the process, ensuring your safety and privacy. You can complete and submit your petition independently, giving you control over your situation. In addition, reading similar common questions surrounding the act can provide reassurance and guidance as you proceed. Knowing related scenarios and how others have addressed similar challenges can offer clarity and help you better understand your options. Answering Frequently Asked Questions Understanding the VAWA petition process can feel overwhelming, but knowing the answers to common questions can provide clarity. Here are some frequently asked questions to help you better understand your options and rights. Do You Have To Separate Or Divorce To File A VAWA Petition? No, you don’t have to separate or divorce your abuser to file a VAWA petition. You can remain in the relationship or reconcile while pursuing your case. If you decide to divorce, file

Learn the key evidence needed for a successful VAWA self-petition. Get insights on documentation and legal support from skilled immigration lawyers. Applying for a VAWA self-petition is a decisive step toward safety and independence. If you are a victim of abuse, you can seek legal status without relying on your abuser, providing you with a pathway to a more secure future. This legal remedy offers protection and relief, allowing individuals to rebuild their lives with dignity.  A successful VAWA petition hinges on gathering the proper proof to establish abuse, the qualifying relationship, and good moral character. This article outlines the necessary documentation and offers guidance on effectively collecting and organizing it to support the petitioner’s claims. Importance Of A Personal Declaration Of A VAWA Petitioner A personal declaration is a crucial component of the VAWA self-petition. It provides a firsthand account of the abuse and its impact on your life. A compelling declaration should clearly explain the nature of your relationship with the abuser and describe specific incidents of mistreatment.  Organizing events chronologically and including as much detail as possible can strengthen a declaration. Specific dates, locations, and descriptions add credibility to the statement. Supporting the declaration with external documentation, such as witness statements or medical records, can further strengthen the petition.  A well-prepared declaration is the foundation for proving eligibility and strengthens other supporting evidence. Once it is completed, the next step involves gathering documents to verify the qualifying relationship with the abuser. Evidence To Prove The Relationship Establishing a qualifying relationship with your abuser is a fundamental requirement of the VAWA self-petition process. This evidence demonstrates that you had a legitimate relationship with the abuser, which is necessary to meet the eligibility criteria.  Proper documentation strengthens the case and helps prevent unnecessary delays or requests for additional evidence. Proving the qualifying relationship requires submitting various forms of documentation, such as: Marriage certificates. Birth certificates of shared children. Joint lease agreements or mortgages. Affidavits from family members or friends who can verify the relationship. In cases where official records are unavailable or difficult to obtain, alternative proof may be submitted. These can include shared financial responsibilities, such as joint bank accounts or bills, and correspondence addressed to both parties. Photographs documenting your relationship over time may also be considered. Once the relationship has been verified, the next crucial step is demonstrating the abuse suffered during the relationship. Properly documented evidence of abuse supports the petition and increases the chances of approval. Evidence Of Abuse Demonstrating abuse is critical in a VAWA self-petition. You must provide convincing documentation to establish that you have suffered abuse in the qualifying relationship. This evidence can take many forms, including physical, emotional, and financial abuse.  Physical Abuse Physical abuse leaves visible marks and records that serve as critical proof in a petition. This type of evidence is often the most straightforward to collect and may include: Medical reports detailing injuries. Photographs of bruises, cuts, or other visible signs of abuse. Police reports or restraining orders. Medical professionals and law enforcement officials can provide valuable documentation to support a claim. Even if immediate reports were not made during the incident, retrospective evidence can still be gathered. Once physical abuse evidence is collected, it’s important to also document the psychological impact. Emotional And Psychological Abuse Emotional and psychological abuse can be challenging to prove, but it is equally harmful and valid. Evidence may include: Therapy or counseling records. Affidavits from mental health professionals or support groups. Journals or diaries describing experiences. Written testimonies from therapists or mental health professionals help validate the psychological effects of abuse. Additionally, self-documented records, such as personal journals, can be robust evidence. Since emotional abuse often occurs alongside financial abuse, it’s crucial to consider documenting both. Financial Abuse  Financial abuse can restrict the petitioner’s ability to leave the abusive situation and establish independence. Common forms of financial abuse evidence include: Bank statements showing restricted access to funds. Employment records showing job loss due to abuse. Eviction notices or unpaid bills linked to financial control. Financial documentation provides insight into how the abuser exerted control over your resources. Demonstrating economic abuse strengthens the case by showing how the petitioner was financially dependent and unable to escape the abusive environment. Collecting comprehensive evidence across all categories builds a strong case and presents a complete picture of the abuse endured. With a solid foundation of evidence of abuse, the next step is to prove good moral character to support the petition further. Proof Of Good Moral Character Proving good moral character helps establish you as a responsible and law-abiding individual. Evidence supporting good moral character includes: Police clearance certificates showing no criminal history. Letters of recommendation from employers or community members. Records of volunteer work or participation in community programs. Tax returns demonstrating financial responsibility. Educational certificates or professional achievements. Immigration attorneys can be crucial in gathering and organizing this evidence effectively. Their experience ensures that petitioners present the strongest case possible. Seeking legal guidance helps avoid common pitfalls and ensures compliance with immigration requirements.  How To Gather And Organize Your Evidence Properly gathering and organizing evidence is essential to building a strong VAWA self-petition. Start by identifying the types of documentation needed, such as proof of abuse, relationship, and moral character. Create a checklist to ensure nothing is overlooked and gather all available records, including medical reports and witness statements. Once collected, organize the evidence by category, labeling and presenting each document logically. Keeping copies of all these papers and storing them securely can help avoid delays if additional submissions are required. It’s also advisable to write a summary of each file to clarify its relevance to the petition. Navigating the process of evidence collection can be challenging. Consulting an experienced immigration attorney helps ensure compliance with legal standards and strengthens the petition. For further clarity, reviewing frequently asked questions related to VAWA evidence requirements can provide valuable insights. Frequently Asked Questions About Evidence For VAWA Petition Understanding the evidence requirements for

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) offers a lifeline in difficult situations, like domestic abuse, for immigrant families. Passed to protect victims, it ensures safety and legal pathways. Whether you’re a spouse, child, or parent of an abusive citizen or lawful permanent resident, understanding the act empowers you to take steps toward independence.  This article explains VAWA, including who qualifies for it, and highlights the benefits available to qualifying family members. It also outlines how immigration attorneys can guide you through the process and help you secure these critical protections. Understanding The VAWA Petition The Violence Against Women Act, or VAWA, is a federal law designed to protect victims of abuse. It allows eligible family members to seek legal status if abused by a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident. Qualifying family members include: Spouse: Married to a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident, including former spouses, if the marriage ended due to abuse. Parent: Parent of a U.S. citizen who is at least 21 years old and has been abusive. Child: Unmarried child under 21 years old who a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident parent has abused. Think of it as a lifeline extended to those seeking freedom from abuse while securing legal protection. It offers life-changing benefits, including protection from deportation and access to work authorization. Once approved, you may apply for lawful permanent residency, opening the door to stability and opportunities. Thorough preparation is vital when filing a VAWA petition, considering the benefits that await. This approach strengthens your application and increases your chances of securing protection. Preparing For The Self-Petition Process Preparing for a self-petition requires collecting evidence and meeting all eligibility requirements to strengthen your application. A thoroughly prepared petition improves your chances of approval while safeguarding your legal rights. It starts with gathering vital documents, including: Proof of your relationship with the abuser, such as a marriage certificate or birth certificate. Evidence of abuse or extreme cruelty, including medical records, police reports, or affidavits from trusted individuals. Documentation of shared residence with the abuser, such as rental agreements or utility bills. Evidence of good moral character, such as police clearance certificates or community letters of support. Think of these documents as puzzle pieces that, when combined, tell your story. Organizing them can save you time and a thorough petition. Keep original documents safe and submit certified copies to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). It ensures your records remain intact for future reference. Before filing, you must also confirm that you meet all the requirements. This includes having a legal relationship with the abuser, evidence of abuse, and proof of good moral character. It ensures your petition meets USCIS standards and demonstrates your eligibility. If you feel unsure about your eligibility, seek professional legal guidance to clarify your options. They can help you prepare your documents and confirm your qualifications. Moreover, attorneys guide you through the detailed and challenging process, allowing you to complete each step accurately and efficiently. A Look Into The Step By Step Process Filing a VAWA petition involves carefully executing steps to ensure your application is complete and accurate. Following these steps systematically can help avoid delays and increase your chances of approval. Here’s a breakdown of the process: Step 1: Complete Form I-360 Start by filling out Form I-360, the Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant. This form requires careful attention to detail, as even small mistakes, such as typos or missing signatures, can lead to delays. Ensure all sections are completed accurately and double-check for errors. Step 2: Assemble Supporting Evidence After completing Form I-360, compile the supporting documents listed earlier. Organize them in a logical order, such as by category or timeline. Ensure that translations for non-English documents are certified and included. Including affidavits from trusted individuals can strengthen your case. These can be statements from family members, friends, or community leaders who can vouch for your situation.  Step 3: File Your Petition Submit your Form I-360 and supporting evidence to the appropriate USCIS address. The USCIS Houston Field Office is a helpful local resource for Houston residents. Always use a reliable mailing service to track your submission and keep a copy of your filing for your records. Step 4: USCIS Review Process Once you file your petition, USCIS will issue a receipt notice acknowledging your application. This is the start of the review process, which can take several months. During this time, they may issue Requests for Evidence (RFEs) if they need additional information. Respond promptly to RFEs to ensure your case stays on track and avoids unnecessary delays. Attorneys help you prepare accurate responses, ensuring you address USCIS concerns effectively and avoid potential denials. Step 5: Receiving Approval Or Denial When USCIS approves your petition, you qualify for work authorization and can apply for a Green Card. If they deny your petition, they explain the reasons for their decision and outline your appeal options. Houston residents should consult an attorney immediately after a denial to clarify their next steps. If they believe USCIS wrongly denied their petition, they can file appeals or motions to reopen. Moreover, working with a qualified immigration law firm ensures guidance and support throughout this process, improving their chances of success. Houston Texas Immigration Lawyers Supports Abuse Victims At Houston Texas Immigration Lawyers, we understand the challenges abuse victims face when seeking independence. We guide you through the VAWA petition process, providing compassionate support and personalized legal solutions. We help you gather the necessary documents, including proof of your relationship, evidence of abuse, and character references. Our lawyers organize your case and ensure you meet all requirements before filing. Further, our team works closely with you to address concerns and prepare a strong petition. When USCIS requests additional evidence, we help you respond quickly and effectively. We handle all communications with USCIS to ensure your case stays on track. From responding to RFEs to filing appeals, we provide the support and proficiency you need to navigate these

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) offers a lifeline in difficult situations, like domestic abuse, for immigrant families. Passed to protect victims, it ensures safety and legal pathways. Whether you’re a spouse, child, or parent of an abusive citizen or lawful permanent resident, understanding the act empowers you to take steps toward independence.  This article explains VAWA, including who qualifies for it, and highlights the benefits available to qualifying family members. It also outlines how immigration attorneys can guide you through the process and help you secure these critical protections. What Is VAWA And Who Are Eligible To File?  Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is a federal law that protects victims of abuse, offering a chance to self-petition for legal status. It ensures that you can pursue your immigration goals without relying on your abuser. Below are the individuals who are eligible to file for the protection.  Spouses Spouses of U.S. citizens or LPR who face abuse can file a self-petition under VAWA. The law recognizes physical, emotional, and psychological abuse as valid grounds. Proving a good faith marriage and abusive relationship is critical for eligibility. Children Children who experience abuse from U.S. citizen or permanent resident parents can also self-petition. Minors or unmarried individuals under 21 qualify, with special provisions for derivative benefits. Further, VAWA extends protections to those aged 21 but under 25. They must demonstrate that the abuse was the primary reason for the delay. Parents Parents of abusive U.S. citizen children are eligible for VAWA protections. It includes those subjected to physical, emotional, or psychological harm. However, petitioners must prove the parent-child relationship and abuse to support their claims.  Understanding who qualifies under VAWA is the first step toward seeking relief. Taking the appropriate steps ensures a successful petition, unlocking vital protections and opportunities for a secure future. You can move toward safety, stability, and independence with the available benefits. How Can The Petition Benefit These Family Members? Filing a VAWA petition offers life-changing benefits for qualifying family members. It provides legal protections and practical opportunities that help you rebuild your life. Knowing these benefits empowers you to take the proper steps toward securing a more stable future. Protection From Deportation VAWA protects petitioners from deportation, offering a way to cancel removal proceedings. It ensures you can remain together and rebuild your life in the U.S. The law prioritizes the needs of those escaping abusive environments, and this safeguard provides peace of mind during such challenging times. Work Authorization Approved VAWA petitions allow you to apply for work authorization, granting you the legal right to work in the U.S. This benefit provides the means to earn an income and support yourself and your family. With stable employment, you can access better opportunities, plan for the future, and achieve financial independence. Access To Public Benefits With the petition, you may qualify for certain public benefits, including housing assistance and healthcare. These resources provide immediate relief and help survivors rebuild their lives. Access to educational programs or childcare support can further ease the transition. Independence From The Abuser One of the most significant benefits of this protection is enabling you to self-petition without the abuser’s involvement. It guarantees privacy and safety throughout the process. This is a step toward reclaiming control and ensuring your voice is heard. Path To Citizenship VAWA opens the door to lawful permanent residency, which can later lead to U.S. citizenship. This path offers long-term security, including the right to vote, access to federal employment opportunities, and eligibility for additional government benefits. Hiring an immigration lawyer is essential to maximizing these benefits. They understand the intricacies of the process and can guide you in preparing a strong case. With their support, you can confidently pursue the protections and opportunities VAWA offers, securing a safer and more stable future. How Can VAWA Attorneys Help You? VAWA attorneys are well-versed in the legal processes that protect immigrant families facing abuse. Their experience helps you understand your rights and take the necessary steps toward securing your future. They can: Assist with Form I-360, Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant, to avoid delays or rejections. Guide petitioners in gathering strong evidence, such as affidavits, medical records, and police reports. Help demonstrate eligibility by addressing proof of abuse, relationship status, and residency requirements. Provide legal representation in interactions with USCIS, ensuring clear communication and compliance with legal standards. Offer strategic advice to strengthen the petition and anticipate potential challenges during the review process. Ensure confidentiality and protection from potential retaliation by the abuser throughout the legal process. In addition to these roles, skilled attorneys can answer frequently asked questions (FAQs) and clarify petitioners’ concerns. Gaining insights from their knowledge can make the journey to safety and legal status more manageable. What Are The FAQs Surrounding VAWA? Understanding the VAWA petition process can bring peace of mind to those seeking relief. Many individuals are concerned about eligibility, timelines, and privacy when filing under VAWA. Below are answers to some of the most common questions petitioners may have. How To File A VAWA Petition? To file for a VAWA petition, you must submit Form I-360, Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant. If you’re a self-petitioning spouse, child, or parent, you should file it at the Nebraska Service Center.  For the most up-to-date information, refer to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website. You must also include supporting documents, such as evidence of your relationship and any other required information. Preparing a thorough petition can be challenging, and errors may delay or jeopardize your case. Hiring an immigration lawyer can make a significant difference. They can help you gather strong evidence, complete the required forms accurately, and address possible issues. With their support, you can increase the chances of a successful petition. Can You Adjust Your Status While Your VAWA Is Still Pending? If an immigrant visa is available immediately, you can file Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status. You do not need to

Immigrants facing abuse from a family member often feel trapped with nowhere to turn. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) offers a path forward by allowing survivors to seek legal protection without their abuser’s involvement. This option empowers you to regain control of your life and build a future with security.  Understanding the VAWA petition process is the first step toward achieving independence and stability. This guide explains the petition, benefits, eligibility criteria, and how to seek help in Houston. Understanding The VAWA Petition The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is a relief that provides legal support for survivors of domestic abuse. This law allows you to apply for legal status independently when facing mistreatment by a qualifying family member. It includes spouses, parents, and children of U.S. citizens or permanent residents who have abused them. Through VAWA, you can pursue lawful residency without the abuser’s involvement or awareness. The law allows you to access services and resources designed to help you rebuild your life safely. Maximizing these legal protections can provide a fresh start and a brighter future. Further, you must understand the eligibility requirements for VAWA. Knowing whether you qualify helps you take the proper steps toward securing your legal status. It is the first step to achieving independence and building a secure future. Who Are Eligible For The Petition? You must understand who qualifies for the VAWA petition if you’re seeking legal protection. The law helps those in qualifying relationships who have suffered abuse by a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident. A qualifying relationship is a family connection in which the petitioner relies on the abuser for immigration purposes, including: Spouses of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents, including those whose marriages ended within two years before filing due to abuse. Individuals who believed they were legally married, but the marriage was invalid mainly due to the abuser’s bigamy. Children of abusive U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents who have experienced abuse. Parents of abusive U.S. citizen children who are at least 21 years old. Those who have lived with the abusive relative during the qualifying relationship may also submit a petition. Additionally, petitioners must demonstrate good moral character as required by immigration authorities to be eligible for VAWA relief. If qualified, you should provide clear and thorough proof of your eligibility to support your petition. Documentation such as marriage certificates, evidence of cohabitation, police reports, or affidavits from trusted sources can strengthen the case. Proper documentation helps ensure you present a compelling application meeting legal requirements. This is important to enhance your chances of success, considering the opportunities and benefits of an approved petition. What Are The Benefits Of VAWA? Filing a VAWA petition provides several advantages to help survivors regain control of their lives. These benefits go beyond legal protections, offering opportunities for stability and independence. Understanding these benefits can help you make informed decisions and take the necessary steps toward a safer future. Legal Protections The relief allows you to seek legal status without the involvement of your abuser. This protection ensures privacy and prevents the abuser from interfering in the process. You can apply with confidence, knowing your case will remain confidential. Moreover, the law safeguards your right to stay in the U.S. while the application is under review. Pathway To Permanent Residency VAWA provides a path to lawful permanent residency for those who qualify. Approved petitioners can apply for a Green Card and work authorization. It allows you to support yourself independently. This step offers long-term stability and the opportunity to establish a new life. Access To Support Services Survivors who qualify for VAWA may gain access to public benefits that can support their daily needs. These benefits may include healthcare services, housing assistance, and financial aid. Community organizations often provide additional resources such as counseling and job training.  Employment Opportunities Once a VAWA petition is approved, you can apply for work authorization. This allows you to pursue employment without restrictions and become financially independent. Having the ability to work can reduce reliance on others and provide greater self-sufficiency. With all these benefits, it is essential to understand the process involved in filing a VAWA petition. You must also be aware of the common concerns and questions associated with the petition. Knowing these facts can help you confidently approach your case and take proactive steps toward securing your future. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About VAWA? Many individuals have questions about the VAWA petition process and how it applies to their circumstances. Gaining insight into these inquiries can help you feel more informed and prepared. Below are answers to common questions to provide clarity and direction. What Happens If Your Petition Gets Denied? If the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) denies your petition, they will provide a written notice explaining their reasons. Missing documents or insufficient evidence often lead to denials. You can request to reopen or reconsider if you have new evidence or believe they made an error. Other immigration relief options, such as applying for a different visa or seeking humanitarian relief, may also be available. Speaking with an immigration attorney helps you explore your options and take the following steps effectively. Can You File A Petition While Living Outside The Country? You can file a VAWA petition while living outside the United States but must meet additional requirements. Along with the standard criteria, you must show that your abusive U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident relative meets specific conditions. They must either work for the U.S. government or serve in the U.S. armed forces. If your petition is approved outside the country, you can complete the process through consular processing. It allows you to apply for an immigrant visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate in your country of residence. Can Men Apply For VAWA Protection? Yes, men can apply for VAWA protection if they meet the eligibility criteria. Despite the name, the law offers protection to individuals of any gender. It applies to those who have